Federacja

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Państwa federacyjne na świecie (kolor zielony)

Federacja (łac. foederatio „przymierze”), in. państwo związkowe[1], państwo federalne (ang. federal state) – państwo składające się z części obdarzonych autonomią (stanów, krajów związkowych, prowincji, kantonów lub emiratów), ale posiadających wspólny (federalny) rząd.

Części tworzące federację posiadają zwykle szeroką autonomię wewnętrzną oraz tworzą w niektórych kwestiach własne prawa; wspólna jest waluta oraz polityka zagraniczna i obronna.

Historyczne znaczenie federacji

Federacja w starożytnej Grecji była formą uzależnienia polis. Był to związek polityczny greckich polis z Macedonią, w którym polis musiały całkowicie podporządkować się Filipowi II w polityce zagranicznej, lecz zachowały samodzielność w swojej polityce wewnętrznej.

Cechy federacji

Profesor Konstanty Wojtaszczyk na podstawie powtarzających się rozwiązań stosowanych w państwach federacyjnych i ich właściwości, wyróżnił następujące cechy federacji:

  1. Terytorium państwa federacyjnego, pod względem polityczno-administracyjnym nie jest jednolitą całością; składa się ono z terytoriów podmiotów federacji, pozbawionych prawa pełnego uczestnictwa w stosunkach międzynarodowych i z reguły niemających prawa secesji.
  2. Podmioty federacji rozporządzają władzą ustrojodawczą i ustawodawczą, tzn. mają prawo przyjęcia własnej konstytucji i uchwalenia, w ramach podziału kompetencji, ustaw obowiązujących na własnym terytorium. Zgodnie z zasadą subordynacji, akty te powinny być zgodne z ustawodawstwem federacji. Federalne organy ustawodawcze mogą ponadto wydawać specjalne akty prawne dla poszczególnych członków federacji.
  3. Części składowe federacji mogą mieć własny system prawny i sądowy.
  4. Istnieje podwójne obywatelstwo: każdy obywatel w większości państw jest obywatelem związku i odpowiedniej części składowej federacji (tak jest w Austrii, Niemczech, Szwajcarii, Stanach Zjednoczonych).
  5. Parlament związkowy jest przeważnie dwuizbowy; interesy podmiotów federacji reprezentuje izba wyższa. Występują dwie zasady reprezentowania części składowej: zasada równego przedstawicielstwa (na przykład w Stanach Zjednoczonych po dwóch senatorów z każdego z pięćdziesięciu stanów, a w Szwajcarii po dwóch deputowanych z każdego z dwudziestu sześciu kantonów w Radzie Kantonów) oraz zasada przedstawicielstwa zróżnicowanego w zależności od liczby ludności (w Australii, Kanadzie, Niemczech).
  6. Istnieje podział kompetencji między federację i jej części składowe. Praktyka ustrojowa różnych krajów federacyjnych wskazuje na trojakiego rodzaju rozwiązania w tym zakresie. Są to:
    • dualistyczny federalizm (w Stanach Zjednoczonych, Szwajcarii, Meksyku, Brazylii, Australii), gdzie konstytucja państwa związkowego ustanawia sferę wyłącznej kompetencji związku poprzez wskazanie kwestii, w do których tylko władze federalne mogą wydawać akty normatywne; wszystkie pozostałe, niezastrzeżone przez konstytucję, należą do kompetencji podmiotów federacji
    • zasada wyłącznej kompetencji związku i sfery tak zwanych konkurencyjnych kompetencji (w Austrii, Niemczech)
    • trójczłonowy system rozgraniczania kompetencji, polegający na wyróżnieniu wyłącznych kompetencji związku, wyłącznych kompetencji części składowych związku oraz wspólnych kompetencji władz centralnych i władz podmiotu federacji (w Indiach).

Państwa federacyjne

PaństwoForma rządówCzęści składowe federacjiPozostałe jednostki administracyjneGłowa państwa
 ArgentynarepublikaBandera de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.svg Buenos Airesprezydent
 Australiamonarchiakról
 Austriarepublikaprezydent
 Belgiamonarchiakról
 Bośnia i HercegowinarepublikaFlag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Dystrykt BrczkoPrezydium
 BrazyliarepublikaBandeira do Distrito Federal (Brasil).svg Dystrykt Federalnyprezydent
 Etiopiarepublikaprezydent
 Indierepublikaprezydent
 IrakrepublikaFlag of Kurdistan.svg Kurdystan*prezydent
 Kanadamonarchiakról
 Komoryrepublikaprezydent
 Malezjamonarchiakról
 Meksykrepublikaprezydent
 Mikronezjarepublikaprezydent
 Nepalrepublika7 prowincjiprezydent
 Niemcyrepublikaprezydent
 Nigeriarepublikaprezydent
 Pakistanrepublikaprezydent
 Rosjarepublikaprezydent
 Saint Kitts i Nevismonarchiakról
 Somaliarepublika18 regionówprezydent
 Stany Zjednoczonerepublikaprezydent
 Sudanrepublikaprezydent
 Sudan Południowyrepublikaprezydent
 SzwajcariarepublikaRada Związkowa
 Wenezuelarepublikaprezydent
 Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskiemonarchiaprezydent

Zobacz też

Przypisy

  1. Edmund Jan Osmańczyk: Encyklopedia ONZ i stosunków międzynarodowych. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo „Wiedza Powszechna”, 1982, s. 161. ISBN 83-214-0092-2.

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Per the Constitution of the State of Sabah:

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Flag of Monagas state
Flag of Ingushetia.svg
The flag of the Republic of Ingushetia. The first-uploaded version was drawn by w:User:Mysid in CorelDRAW and uploaded to en.wikipedia on December 5, 2005
Flag of Nevada.svg
Flag of the State of Nevada. The flag is described in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 235, Sec. 20 as follows: The body of the flag must be of solid cobalt blue. On the field in the upper left quarter thereof must be two sprays of Sagebrush with the stems crossed at the bottom to form a half wreath. Within the sprays must be a five-pointed silver star with one point up. The word “Nevada” must also be inscribed below the star and above the sprays, in a semicircular pattern with the letters spaced apart in equal increments, in the same style of letters as the words “Battle Born.” Above the wreath, and touching the tips thereof, must be a scroll bearing the words “Battle Born.” The scroll and the word “Nevada” must be golden-yellow. The lettering on the scroll must be black-colored sans serif gothic capital letters.
Flag of Nuevo Leon.svg
Flag of Nuevo Leon
Flag of Canton of Neuchâtel.svg
Flag of Canton of Neuchâtel (german, Neuenburg)
Flag of Ajman.svg
Flag of Ajman
Flag of Sonora.svg
Flag of Sonora
Flag of Anzoátegui State.svg
Autor: Vmars (heraldry); bayo (SVG conversion), Licencja: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Flag of Anzoátegui State of Venezuela. Heraldry are in bad quality.
Flag of Canton of Jura.svg
Flag of Canton of Jura
Flag of Unity State.png
Flag of Unity State in South Sudan and formerly Sudan.
Flag of Canton of Solothurn.svg
Bendera Kanton Solothurn (Swiss). Sebelum tahun 1481, desain ini dipakai oleh kanton Unterwalden. Lihat File:Ingeram Codex 082.jpg, File:Bellinzona Tschachtlan.jpg.
Flag of Upper Nile State.png
Flag of Upper Nile State in South Sudan and formerly Sudan.
Flag of Chuuk.svg
Autor: Froztbyte, Licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0
Flag of Chuuk (state within the Federated States of Micronesia) - colours and 1:2 dimensions based partly on templates at The World Flag Database and Photo of flag in use.
Flag of the Gambella Region.svg
Flag of the Gambella Region
Bandeira do Piauí.svg
Flag of the State of Piauí, Brazil.
Flag of Delta Amacuro State.svg
Flag of Delta Amacuro State
Bandeira da Paraíba.svg
Flag of the State of Paraíba, Brazil.
Flag of Trujillo State.svg
Flag of Trujillo State
Bandera de la Provincia de Formosa.svg
Flag of Formosa Province, Argentina.
Flag of Severo-Kurilsk (Sakhalin oblast).png
Flag of Severo-Kurilsk and Severo-Kurilsky district
Map of federal states.svg
(c) Lokal_Profil, CC BY-SA 2.5
A map displaying today's federations.
Flag of Oaxaca.svg
State flag of Oaxaca.
Flag of Kamchatka Krai.svg
Flag of Kamchatka Krai
Flag of Baja California.svg
De facto flag of Baja California
Bandera de la Provincia de La Rioja.svg
Flag of La Rioja Province, Argentina.
Flag of Sindh.svg
Autor: User:Baba66, Licencja: CC0
Flag of Sindh, province of Pakistan
Flag of Dire Dawa.png
Flag of Dire Dawa
Proposed Flag of Islamabad Capital Territory.svg
About the flag: The flag shown is a proposed flag for Islamabad - the capital of Pakistan. Dr. Tariq S Marwat, 18 September 2004. Founder Chairman - Flag Society of Pakistan. The flag for Islamabad - capital of Pakistan - is primarily based on the National Flag of Pakistan. The diagonal design is to differentiate it from the national flag. The square shape is to make the triangles symmetric. The star and crescent are 'regular' as in the national flag. They look stretched because of my poor drawing skills (sorry for that). The black color is added to give it a distinct look. Black was the color used for the flag at the time of the conquest of Makkah by the prophet of Islam, Muhammad.
Dr. Tariq Saleem Marwat, September 19, 2004. Chairman - Flag Society of Pakistan. This flag has no historic links with Islamabad and it being imposed. Reference: http://www.allstates-flag.com/. Move approved by User:Superm401.
Flag of Sidama.svg
Flag of Sidama.
Flag of Akwa Ibom State.svg
Flag of Akwa Ibom State
Bandera de la Provincia de San Luis.svg
Flag of San Luis Province of Argentina.
Flag of Western Bahr el Ghazal.png
Флаг Западный Бахр-эль-Газаль.
Flag of Kostroma Oblast.svg
Flag of Kostroma Oblast.
Flag of Berlin.svg
Autor:
  • Flaggenentwurf: unbekannt
  • diese Datei: Jwnabd
, Licencja:
Flaga Berlina
Flag of Kalmykia.svg
Flag of Kalmykia
Flag of Kosrae.svg
Flag of the State of Kosrae - Ratio: 37:70
Description of the flag: „Kosrae state flag has a number of images, each symbolizing a significant part of Kosrae’s cultural lifestyle. The blue background represents the ever-present ocean. The fafa pounding stone represent the symbolic uniqueness of Kosraean culture. The four stars signify each of the municipalities in Kosrae. The laurel leaves depicts peace and harmony.
Flag of Warrap State.png
State flag of Warrap in South Sudan and formerly Sudan.
Flag of Chelyabinsk Oblast.svg
Flag of Chelyabinsk Oblast of Russia.
Flag of Yuzhno-Kurilsky rayon (Sakhalin oblast).png
Flag of Yuzhno-Kurilsky rayon, Sakhalin Region, Russia
Flag of Zulia State.svg
Flag of Zulia State of Venezuela
Flag of Bashkortostan.svg
Башҡортостан Республикаһының Дәүләт флагы
Flag of Jonglei.png
State flag of Jonglei in South Sudan and formerly Sudan.
Flag of British Columbia.svg
Flag of British Columbia.
Flag of Lipetsk Oblast.svg
Flag of Lipetsk Oblast.
Flag of Perm Krai.svg
Perm Krai, flag
Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador.svg
Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador
Flag of Tabasco.svg
Flag of Tabasco
Flag of Chukotka.svg
Autor: Fibonacci, Licencja: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Flag of Chukotka
Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg
Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Flag of Canton of Lucerne.svg
Flag of Canton of Lucerne
Flag of Northern Bahr el Ghazal.png
State flag of Northern Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan and formerly Sudan.
Bandeira de Sergipe.svg
Flag of the State of Sergipe, Brazil. Per the Diário Oficial do Estado de Sergipe 27/05/2015, page 8, the flag has a height/width ratio of 5:7, with the Pantone colours listed as Pantone S 217-1 (blue), Pantone S 274-1 (green), Pantone S 5-4 (yellow) and Pantone Process White.
Flag of Yukon.svg
Autor: Kooma (original), Licencja: CC0
Flag of Yukon.
Et harrar.png
Apparently redrawn version of the flag of Harar, Ethiopia.
Flag of Vepsia.svg
Flag of Veps people
Flag of Penza Oblast.svg
Flag of Penza Oblast.
Flag of Yaracuy State.svg
Flag of Yaracuy State
Bandeira de Santa Catarina.svg
Flag of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Flag of Western Equatoria.png
State flag of Western Equatoria in South Sudan and formerly Sudan.
Bandeira de Pernambuco.svg
Flag of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil.
Flag of Colima.svg
Flag of Colima
Flag of Anambra State.png
Autor: Cordyceps-Zombie, Licencja: CC BY-SA 4.0
Flag of Anambra State in Nigeria
Flag of Alberta.svg
Flag of Alberta.
Flag of Norfolk Island.svg
Autor: unknown, Licencja: CC0
Bandeira da Bahia.svg
Flag of the State of Bahia, Brazil.
Flag of Vargas State.svg
Autor: Ramjar (Image:VARGAS.JPG) ; bayo (SVG conversion), Licencja: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Flag of Vargas State of Venezuela