Paenula

Paenula (image from page 867 of "A dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities.." 1849).jpg

Paenula (z gr. φαίνολη phaínolē – płaszcz) – rzymskie wierzchnie okrycie bez rękawów, rodzaj peleryny z grubej tkaniny, odzież niższych warstw społecznych[1][2][3].

Był to wełniany lub skórzany (paenula scortea)[3], obszerny płaszcz, często z kapturem, spinany na ramieniu lub pod brodą, w kształcie półkloszowej peleryny sięgającej do połowy łydek[2]. Noszony zwłaszcza przez mieszkańców wsi i podczas niepogody[3], używany był jako strój podróżny, przez żołnierzy i niewolników[1], rozpowszechniony także wśród pierwszych chrześcijan. Najpewniej był pierwowzorem ornatu[2].

U Rzymian paenula należała do okrycia wierzchniego (amictus), przykrywającego odzież spodnią (indumenta). Miała kształt półkola, którego środek po nałożeniu leżał na karku, a obydwie połowy swobodnie zwisały równoległe z przodu, często zszyte; wówczas była narzucana jak ponczo, mając wycięcie na szyję, do którego doszywano kaptur (cucullus)[4].

Zobacz też

Przypisy

  1. a b Słownik wyrazów obcych PWN. Warszawa: PWN, 1991, s. 626
  2. a b c W. Kopaliński: Słownik wyrazów obcych i zwrotów obcojęzycznych z almanachem. Warszawa: Muza, 2001, s. 368
  3. a b c Mała encyklopedia kultury antycznej A–Z (red. Z. Piszczek). Warszawa: PWN, 1973, s. 557
  4. E. Szyller: Historia ubiorów. Warszawa: PWSZ, 1967, s. 49-50

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Paenula (image from page 867 of "A dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities.." 1849).jpg
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Identifier: dictionaryofgree00smit_1 Title: A dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities.. Year: 1849 (1840s) Authors: Smith, William, 1813-1893 Subjects: Publisher: Boston Contributing Library: The Library of Congress Digitizing Sponsor: The Library of Congress


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Text Appearing Before Image: . 581, b.] PAENULA was a thick cloak, chiefly used bythe Romans in travelling instead of the toga, as aprotection against the cold and rain. (Cic. pro Mil.20 ; Quintil. vi. 3. § 66.) Hence we find the ex-pression of scindere paenulam (Cic. ad Att. xiii. 33)used in the sense of greatly pressing a traveller tostay at ones house. The paenula was worn bywomen as well as by men in travelling. (Dig. 34.tit. 2. s. 23.) It appears to have been a long cloakwithout sleeves, and with only an opening for thehead, as is shown in the following figure takenfrom Bartholini. If this is a real example of apaenula, it would seem that the dress was sewedin front about half way down, and was dividedinto two parts, which might be thrown back bythe wearer so as to leave the arms comparativelyfree: it must have been put on over the head.This figure explains the expression of Cicero {proMil. I. c), paenula irretitus ; and of the authorof the Dialogus de Oratoribus (c. 39), paenulisadstricti et velut inclusi.

Text Appearing After Image: Under the emperors the paenula was worn inthe city as a protection against the rain and cold(Juv. v. 79), but women were forbidden by Alex-ander Severus to wear it in the city. (Lamprid.Alex. Sev. 27.) At one time, however, the paenulaappears to have been commonly worn in the cityinstead of the toga, as we even find mention oforators wearing it when pleading causes (Dial, deOrat. 39), but this fashion was probably of shortduration. The paenula was usually made of wool (Plin.H. N. viii. 48. s. 73), and particularly of that kindwrhich was called Gausapa [Gausapa] (paenulagausapina, Mart. xiv. 145). It was also some-times made of leather ( paenula scortea, Mart. xiv.130). Seneca (Quuest. Nat. iv. 6) speaks of paenulae aut scorteae, but he appears only touse this expression because paenulae were usuallymade of wool. (Bartholini, de Paenula; Becker,Gallus, vol. ii. p. 93.) PAGANALIA. [Pagi.] PAGANI. [Pagi.] PAGANICA. [Pila.] PAGI, were fortified places, to which the coun-try-people might r


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